The “banality of evil” is the concept, coined by Hannah Arendt, that great evil is often committed by ordinary, thoughtless individuals who fail to reflect on the moral consequences of their actions, rather than by people motivated by deep hatred or ideology.

Public–private partnerships (PPP) are arrangements where private firms collaborate with governments to finance, construct, operate, or maintain public infrastructure or transportation systems. These can look like roads, bridges, rail, airports, and are built typically in exchange for user fees or government payments, while ownership ultimately remains with the state. The alternative to a PPP is fully public development, where infrastructure is planned, financed, constructed, owned, and operated entirely by the state.

Western sources of support can include but are not limited to: Direct funding, sharing branding and naming conventions with western movements, joint organizational structures, ties with Western celebrities and politicians, etc.

Shūshin koyō, or lifetime employment, was an unwritten social contract where employees committed to a single company for their entire career in exchange for (job security, seniority-based pay increases, and comprehensive benefits.) The model began to decline in the 1990s and no longer represents the reality for most Japanese workers, especially for younger generations who are increasingly employed in non-regular positions.